26专升本英语提分秘籍:定语从句?拿来吧你!超详细“食用”说明书
更新时间:2025-07-01
Hey,各位正在为湖南专升本奋战的宝子们!?
最近刷题刷到眼冒金星了吧?语法书是不是翻得比小说还勤?在众多语法难点中,定语从句绝对是让无数升本er又爱又恨的“重量级选手”!
爱它?因为它在阅读、翻译、写作里无处不在,分值占比不小!恨它?
关系词选哪个?
句子结构怎么拆?
限制性、非限制性傻傻分不清???别怕!今天这篇,咱们就化身“语法侦探”,把湖南专升本英语考试中定语从句的考点、套路和解题秘籍一次性扒个底朝天!让你别“凭感觉蒙题”,用技巧稳稳得分!
定语从句概念
定语
修饰名词或代词的句子成分。由名词、代词、形容词、数词等充当。
定语从句
在复合句中修饰某名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
关系词
连接主句和从句的词叫关系词。分为关系代词和关系副词。
具体分为:
①关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等。
②关系副词有:when,where,why等。
基本结构
先行词(名词、代词)+(关系代词、关系副词)+陈述句语序。
举例
The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh.
我今天早上买的那条鱼非常新鲜。
定语从句如何判断
特征 | ①位置:名词或代词后(先行词) ②有关系词引导 ③从句对先行词起修饰限定的作用 |
划分 | ①从关系词划到第二个谓语动词前。 eg:The girl who is making a speech right nowis our monitor 正在发表演讲的那个女孩是我们的班长。 ②从关系词划到句末。 eg:We all like that speakerwho is very humorous. 我们都喜欢那位非常幽默的演讲者。 |
定语从句分类
限制性 定语从句 | 主要用来限制或修饰先行词,使先行词的所指明确化,在书写时通常不用逗号。若把该从句去掉会影响主句意义的完整性,如:God helps those.(上天帮助那些人) 这句话意思不明确,因此其后边需要加一个限制性定语从句,才能使得句意完整,即:God helps those who help themselves.(自助者天助之。) |
非限制性 定语从句 | 对先行词起补充说明作用,通常先行词与定语从句之间用逗号隔开,去掉以后,主句意义不发生改变,句意依然明确。如: Beijing,which is the capital of China,has developed into an international city. (北京是中国的首都,如今已发展成为一座国际都市。) |
注: ①that/why不能引导非限制性定从。 ②which引导非限制性定从时,可指代一整句话所描述的事情。 |
关系代词
关系词作用
(1)引导定语从句
(2)代替先行词
(3)在定语从句中担当一个成分
关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的成分 | 例句 |
that | 人/物 | 主语/宾语/表语 | The watch that my father bought was made in Shanghai. 我父亲买的那块手表是上海制造的。 |
which | 物 | 主语/宾语/表语 | A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 词典是一本给出单词含义的书。 |
who | 人 | 主语/宾语/表语 | The person who broke the window must pay for it. 打破窗户的人必须赔偿。 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 | Do you know the young man(whom)we met at the gate? 你知道我们在门口遇见的那个年轻人吗? |
whose | 人/物 | 定语 | The girl whose mother is ill will stay at home today. 母亲生病的那个女孩今天会待在家里。 |
注意:关系代词that,which,who,whom在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 |
只能用that,不用which的情况
(1)先行词为不定代词:everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none,any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等。
举例
The thief handed in everythingthat he had stolen.
小偷上交了他偷的所有东西。
(2)先行词被only,any,few,little,no,all,just等修饰时。
举例
This is the very book that I am looking for.
这就是我在找的那本书。
(3)当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时:the only,the very,the same等。
举例
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(4)当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
举例
It was the first book that made me think.
这是第一本促使我思考的书。
(5)当先行词既指人又指物时。
举例
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.
你刚才谈到的那位作家和他的小说都很出名。
(6)句中已有疑问词who或which时,有时为避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
举例
Who is the girl that is wearing a black dress?
那个穿黑色裙子的女孩是谁?
只能用which,不用that的情况
(1)当介词或介词短语放在关系代词之前时。
举例
This is the house of which the windows face south.
这就是那座窗户朝南的房子。
(2)在非限制定语从句中,关系代词表示事物时,只能which。
举例
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.
足球是一项非常有趣的运动,在全世界都有人踢。
(3)先行词本身是that时。
举例
The clock that I bought yesterday.
这座钟是我昨天买的那个。
(4)当关系代词指代整个主句的概念时。
举例
He didn’t study hard, which made his parents angry.
他学习不努力,这让他的父母很生气。
只能用who,不用that的情况
①先行词为代词 | He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。 |
②先行词为one,ones,those时 | We should help those who are in trouble. 我们应该帮助那些处于困境中的人。 |
whose的用法
(1)whose的先行词指人指物,在从句中作定语。
(2)whose+名词=the+名词+of which / whom。
举例
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
门坏了的那间教室很快就会被修理。
关系副词
关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的成分 | 例句 |
when | 时间 | 时间状语=on/in...which | I'll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我永远不会忘记我们在农场工作的那段时光。 |
where | 地点 | 地点状语=on/in...which | The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 他父亲工作的那家工厂在城市的东部。 |
why | 原因 | 状语=for which | I don't know the reason why he didn't come. 我不知道他没来的原因。 |
关系副词where的特殊用法
如果定语从句的先行词为point和case等表示抽象意义的词,并且在从句中作状语,要用where引导定语从句,意思是“到了某种地步,在某种境况中”。常见的抽象地点名词:
activity,atmosphere | Those successful dancer think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些成功的舞者认为,舞蹈是一种视觉比听觉更重要的活动。 |
case,conditionl | I can think of many cases where students obviously kmow a lot of English words and expressions but can't write a good essay. 我能想到许多这样的情况:学生显然认识很多英语单词和短语,但却写不出一篇好文章。 |
position,point | He is now in a position where he can earn lots of money. 他现在处于一个能赚很多钱的职位。 |
situation,state,system,scene,stage | I will never forget the scene where they first met me. 我永远不会忘记他们第一次见到我的那个场景。 |
如何判断用关系代词或关系副词
根据题目句意逻辑,看从句中缺什么成分,再结合其前面的先行词,确定用什么关系词。
(1)当从句主干结构(即主谓宾)不完整的时候,要使用关系代词来引导从句。
举例
The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is my teacher.
在会上发言的那个人是我的老师。
解析:从句主干:is speaking(缺主语),先行词 “the man” 指人,用关系代词 who/that 作主语。
(2)当从句主干结构完整的时候,要使用关系副词来引导从句。
举例
Do you know the reason why he left in a hurry?
你知道他匆忙离开的原因吗?
解析:从句主干:he left in a hurry(主谓结构完整),缺原因状语 “为什么”,先行词 “the reason” 指原因,用 why=for which。
(3)看先行词:
①指人/物:关系代词;
②表示时间/地点/原因:关系副词。
举例
This is the ship (which/that) we built.
这是我们建造的船。
注:在定从中,从句缺宾语时关系代词可省略。
as引导的定语从句
可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点”。
举例
As we all know,smoking is harmfiul to one’s health
众所周知,吸烟有害健康。
as在定语从句中的搭配
the same...as; such/so...as; as..as... | 和....一样 |
As we know; As is known to us; It is known to us that; What is known to us is that... | 众所周知 |
as is reported | 正如所报道的 |
as we have seen | 正如我们已经看到的 |
as is shown in the report | 正如报道中所展示的 |
as is often the case | 情况往往如此 |
as was expected | 正如所预料的 |
as is mentioned above | 正如以上所提到的 |
(1)同一个用that、同一类用as
举例
I live in the same house that he used to live in.(同一个)
我和他以前住的是同一栋房子。
I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.(同一类)
我穿的这件衬衫和你昨天穿的是同一款式的。
(2)比较:定语从句or结果状语从句
举例
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.(定语从句)
这儿有一块没人能搬得动的大石头。
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.(结果状语从句)
这儿有一块如此大的石头,没人能搬得动它。
as、which引导非限定从的区别
(1)看位置
①which引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后。
举例
He was late again,which made his teacher very angry.
他又迟到了,这让他的老师非常生气。
②as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面,插在句子中或放在句子后。
举例
Jack,as you know,is an honest man.
杰克,如你所知,是个诚实的人。
(2)看先行词
①which引导非限定性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。
举例
He was proud, which I didn't like very much.
他很骄傲,这一点我很不喜欢。
②as引导非限定性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子(常指代整个主句内容)。
举例
He is an honest man,as is known to all.
他是个诚实的人,这是众所周知的。
(3)看翻译意思
①which翻译成“这一点”。
举例
He won the first prize,which delighted him.
他得了一等奖,这让他很高兴。
②as一般译为“正如”、“就像”。
举例
As is known to everybody,smoking is harmful to one's health.
众所周知,吸烟有害健康。
关系副词
先行词为way的定语从句
在从句中作状语时,关系词用in which / that / 省略 | I don’t like the way (that / in which)you speak to your mother. 我不喜欢你跟你母亲说话的方式。 |
在从句中作主语/宾语时: ①主:which / that ②宾:which / that / 省略 | I want to know the way (that)he told you yesterday. 我想知道他昨天告诉你的那种方法。 |
定语从句中的主谓一致
(1)当定语从句中的关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词须与先行词的单复数形式保持一致。
举例
The girl who is dancing is my sister.
这个正在跳舞的女孩是我的妹妹。
(2)“one of+复数名词”作先行词时,从句的谓语动词通常用复数;
但one前有the,the only,the very,the right或just the等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。
举例
He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
他是在会上被表扬的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who was praised at the meeting.
他是在会上唯一被表扬的学生。
介词与关系代词”
(1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
举例
The book on which I spent 50 yuan is useful.
我花了 50 元买的那本书很有用。
(2)关系代词作介词的宾语时:
①whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
举例
The man to whom I spoke is my teacher.
我跟他说话的那个人是我的老师。
②含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
举例
This is the problem that he is looking into.
这就是他在调查的问题。
③关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
举例
The book that she is looking for is on the shelf.
她在找的书在书架上。
④关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。
举例
The student whose essay I commented on won the prize.
我点评了作文的那个学生获奖了。
(3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。
举例
The city where I grew up is beautiful.
=The city in which I grew up is beautiful.
我长大的城市很美。
实战演练
1.A good lover is someone__knows all about you and still understands you.
A.whom
B.who
C.what
D.which
2.The young man _____ we thought should have won the game failed in the end.
A.who
B.whom
C.as
D.which
3.Do you know the man just now()
A.to who I nodded
B.I nodded to
C.whom I nodded
D.whom I nodded to him
宝子们,本期内容就到这里啦~定语从句虽然复杂,但只要掌握了正确的方法,不断练习,就一定能攻克它 。每一次对知识点的清晰把握, 都是你通往本科路上坚实的一步。继续坚持,你正在离梦想越来越近!
在备考的过程中,大家不要害怕困难,遇到不懂的问题,随时都可以在评论区留言或者私信交流。